diaphragmatic breathing

Holotropic Breathing, a 6 bpm Prayer, and the Power of PNS


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4 Thoughts



1. Study: Prayer and Mantra Lead to ~5.5-6.0 Breaths a Minute

Remark­ably, the regularity of breathing seen during recitation of the Ave Maria or of the mantra was similar to regu­larity during controlled breathing at 6/min, indicating that these methods could stabilise the respiratory rate as effectively as precisely timed control.

- Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms

In this now somewhat famous study, reciting the Hail Mary prayer or a yoga mantra naturally led to a breath rate of almost exactly 5.5-6 breaths/min. Leading to the conclusion: “The rosary might be viewed as a health practice as well as a religious practice.” 👏

***

P.S. I released a Science 411 for this paper on Friday as part of my new Breath is Life Learning Center. You still have two days to get this & tons of wisdom for just $11/month or $110/year (27% off forever) 🙏

2. The Power of the PNS and How to Nourish It

Parasympathetic activation is the normal resting state of your body, brain, and mind. If your SNS were surgically disconnected, you’d stay alive (though you wouldn’t be very useful in an emergency). If your PNS were disconnected, however, you’d stop breathing and soon die.

- Rick Hanson, Ph.D., Budhha’s Brain

That’s crazy. And since our PNS is so vital, I think it’s safe to say we should nourish it every chance we get. So how do we do it?

Here are two (of several) exercises Dr. Hanson suggests:

  1. Diaphragmatic Breathing: Place a hand on your stomach and look down at it. Then, breathe slowly, and try to “breathe into your hand with real oomph, so that it travels back and forth half an inch or more with each breath.

  2. Big Exhales:Inhale as much as you can, hold that inhalation for a few seconds, and then exhale slowly while relaxing.

Better yet, combine the two, and enjoy stimulating and nourishing your PNS a little more this week : )

3. The Healing Power of (different) Breaths

Each breath form is taught for its own special healing purposes. Just as you use different exercises for different muscle groups, you gain more by using a variety of breathing practices that each has their own unique effects.

- Richard Brown, MD, and Patricia Gerbarg, MD, The Healing Power of the Breath

Just an excellent reminder that one of the key healing powers of the breath is that we can use it in different ways for different outcomes.

We “gain more by using a variety of breathing practices that each has their own unique effects.” <— Let’s do that 👏

4. Are All Breathing Practices Holotropic?

Discussing the word “holotropic:”

This composite word means literally ‘oriented toward wholeness’ or ‘moving toward wholeness’ (from the Greek holos = whole and trepein = moving toward or in the direction of something).

- Stanislav & Christina Grof, Holotropic Breathwork

Based on that, I’d say we practice “holotropic” breathing—moving toward wholeness—every time we stop and breathe consciously.

So regardless of what methods we use, let’s all orient toward wholeness a little more, this week 🙏

***

P.S. I’m releasing a Book 411 on Holotropic Breathwork this Friday. Although it’s somewhat controversial to some, I absolutely loved the book (and its bold claims). I hope you’ll consider signing up to get it.


1 Quote

All persons going to sleep should think, not of their business, not of their riches or poverty, their pains or their pleasures, but, of what are of infinitely greater importance to them, their lungs; their best friends, that have kept them alive through the day.
— George Catlin
 

1 Answer

Category: The Nervous System

Answer: The nervous system can transmit information up to this many miles per hour.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is 268 mph?


In good breath,

Nick Heath, T1D, PhD
“Breathing is the compound interest of health & wellness.”

P.S. A brosecco

 
 

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It’s literally my dream come true, and I hope that shines through in the amount of material I’ve added and continue adding every day.

I hope you’ll consider signing up to get all of it for just $11/month or $110/year if you pay annually (less than 40 cents a day in either case). Your price will never go up. This intro offer ends on Dec. 1.

Thank you from the bottom of my heart for reading and supporting my work over the years 🙏

 
 

* An asterisk by a quote indicates that I listened to this book on Audible. Therefore, the quotation might not be correct, but is my best attempt at reproducing the punctuation based on the narrator’s pace, tone, and pauses.


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Each Monday, I curate and synthesize information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing. It’s a fun way to learn something new each week.

 
 

Life Force in Action, 3 Studies, and the Power of Mind-Wandering

 

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4 Thoughts



1. A Tiny Thought on the Power of the Breath

In any situation:

  • If we control our breath, we control our environment.

  • If we do not, our environment controls us.

2. How Deep Breathing Reduces Stress According to 3 Studies

Diaphragmatic breathing has the potential to offer a readily available and inexpensive treatment to help manage stress on a daily basis.

- Hopper et al. (2019)

This systematic review of 3 studies found that slow diaphragmatic breathing reduces the following markers of stress:

  • Blood pressure

  • Salivary cortisol

  • DASS-21 scores
    (a questionnaire on anxiety and stress)

Although the studies were not “top tier” (few are in breathing), these results are still powerful given stress’s negative impact on basically everything.

Breathe slowly, reduce stress, and live better.

3. Mind-Wandering is a Hidden Superpower (and how to do it correctly)

In fact, when you look back over the history of science and engineering, many great breakthroughs don’t happen during periods of focus—they happen during mind-wandering.

- Johann Hari, Stolen Focus

As someone who spends so much time focusing and reading, I found Hari’s section on mind-wandering life-changing. It is a genuine superpower.

And it’s simple enough. Just take time to do nothing—no phone, no books, no goals—and let your brain do what it does best: connect and form novel ideas.

However, there is one critical tip to remember: “In situations of low stress and safety, mind-wandering will be a gift, a pleasure, a creative force. In situations of high stress or danger, mind-wandering will be a torment.

So, if you’re going to set aside time for mind-wandering, do it when you feel safe and calm…like after a slow breathing practice…😊

4. Life Force in Action

There is a vitality, a life force, a quickening that is translated through you into action…

- Martha Graham

And that action is breathing.

Breathing is life force translated through you into action.

***

P.S. I know I’m taking the quote out of context…it’s what I do best : )



1 QUOTE

“In the beginning was the voice. Voice is sounding breath, the audible sign of life.”

- Otto Jespersen (from Breath Taking)


1 ANSWER

Category: Sound and Breath

Answer: To generate sound, these vibrate rapidly from between 110 to 300 cycles per second in most people.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What are the vocal cords?


In good breath,

Nick Heath, T1D, PhD
“Breathing is the compound interest of health & wellness.”

P.S. so bystanders don’t hear you fighting

 
 

* An asterisk by a quote indicates that I listened to this book on Audible. Therefore, the quotation might not be correct, but is my best attempt at reproducing the punctuation based on the narrator’s pace, tone, and pauses.


Sign Up For The Breathing 411

Each Monday, I curate and synthesize information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing. It’s a fun way to learn something new each week.

 
 

Slow Breathing Really Does Help Everything, According to a 2020 Study

 
 

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Hey,

It’s a fun post this week. Lots of good info, plus one of the best real-life breathing videos you’ll ever see.

I hope you enjoy it!

 
 

 
 

4 Thoughts


1. Slow Breathing Really Does Help Everything, According to a 2020 Study

The results of this review provide evidence that HRVB and PB at approximately six breaths per minute have positive effects on a variety of physical, behavioral, and cognitive conditions.

- Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Improves Emotional and Physical Health and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

Good news. I’m not crazy, which is how I often feel after every paper I read leads me to say that “slow breathing helps with just about everything.”

But, that’s also the conclusion of a recent 2020 meta-analysis.

They found that, like we discuss all the time, slow breathing won’t “cure” any one particular thing. But, it does help many different things in small ways:

The overall effect sizes are modest but highly significant, suggesting that these methods may not be sufficient for treating any one problem but may be useful as a complementary intervention.

Amen to that. And like you already know, when combined and compounded, these small improvements add up to overall better health.

To learn more, click here and read my short summary of the study.

Or better yet, don’t read it. Instead, spend those few minutes breathing slowly and experiencing the positive benefits for yourself : )

Related: Breathing is the Compound Interest of Health and Wellness

Related: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effect of Yogic Slow Breathing in the Yoga Beginner: What Is the Best Approach?



2. Diabetes Really Does Hurt Everything, According to Our 2020 Life Experience

Just kidding. Well, kinda.

But I believe the meta-analysis above in thought #1 highlights why slow breathing can be so beneficial for diabetes.

As we know, when not properly managed, diabetes hurts just about every aspect of health and wellness:

  • Anxiety

  • Distress

  • Autonomic function

  • Emotional regulation

  • Cardiovascular function

  • And on & on

So, if slow breathing helps many of these, even modestly, they’re still going to add up to considerable benefits for our diabetes control.

Of course, it’s not a cure-all. But slow breathing is possibly the simplest, safest, and most effective thing we can do to address many diabetic problems.

Related: Diaphragmatic breathing improves antioxidant status & HbA1c in type 2 diabetics


3. Breathing Exercises for Kids: Everything Parents Need to Know

The cure? Take a deep breath. That sounds like a useless platitude. It’s not.

- Breathing Exercises for Kids: Everything Parents Need to Know

Wow, this was a surprisingly good article. Quick and easy, and full of good information. It did have one typo about CO2, but I’ll let it slide since they provided so many awesome breathing books I can now get my daughter : )

And since they also provided this excellent advice for our children, nieces and nephews, and really just everyone in general:

You practice every day, you slow breathe every day, even when you’re not anxious, and then even though you become a little bit anxious, you have the bandwidth to not fall off the edge.

- Dr. Umakanth Katwa,
Director, Sleep Laboratory at Boston Children’s Hospital
Professor at Harvard Medical School

Sounds good to me.

Enjoy the excellent read!

Related: Watch this in action.

This is perhaps the best real-world 21-second breathing video ever recorded.

4. Words Are Not Always Adequate, or Important

Again, the likely explanation is that what is most easily put into words is not necessarily what is most important.

- Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice

This is certainly true for breathing.

Heart rate variability, autonomic function, blood pressure, blood flow, anxiety, distress. Slow breathing helps them all, and they all sound good.

But are they what’s truly most important?

I think that 21-second YouTube video above is what’s most important.

And I don’t have words for that.

 
 

 
 

1 Quote

Adopt the pace of nature: her secret is patience.

- Ralph Waldo Emerson

 
 

 
 

1 Answer

Answer: Over 1.1 million children and adolescents below the age of 20 have this chronic disease, increasing their likelihood of anxiety and depression.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is type-1 diabetes?


In good breath,

Nick Heath, T1D, PhD
Diabetes is Tiny. You are Mighty.

P.S. WELL WHAT TIME DOES HE GET OFF?

 
 
 

Sign Up For The Breathing 411

Each Monday, I curate and synthesize information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing. It’s a fun way to learn something new each week.

 
 

Coherent Breathing, Diabetes, and How All Top Performers Use The Breath

 
 

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Thanks for clicking on another issue of The Breathing 411.

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for this week. Enjoy!

 
 

 
 

4 Thoughts

1. Why We Should Practice Coherent Breathing, in just Two Sentences

When oscillations of two or more systems are synchronised it increases physiological efficiency by enabling the functions of these systems to be coordinated. This prevents energy being wasted on non productive functions.”

- The Functions of Breathing and its Dysfunctions and Their Relationship to Breathing Therapy

Coherent (or resonant) breathing synchronizes different body systems, and I thought those two sentences perfectly summarized why it’s so important:

It improves efficiency and conserves energy.

To experience this yourself, you might think finding your particular resonant breathing rate requires special biofeedback equipment…and you’d be right. 

Fortunately, however, a 2006 study found that we get most of the benefits by simply breathing at 5-6 breaths per minute. Meaning you can get started right now without any fancy gear. It’s as simple as using a phone app.

Here’s to synchronizing our breathing for optimal efficiency today.

Related Quote:Did it matter if we breathed at a rate of six or five seconds, or were a half second off? It did not, as long as the breaths were in the range of 5.5.” - James Nestor, Breath

P.S. The two apps I recommend are iBreathe and BreathWrk.

2. All Things Breathing and Diabetes

Patrick McKeown and I sat down a couple of months ago to talk about all things breathing and diabetes. It was a surreal experience to be chatting with the person who has taught me so much. We covered a lot of material from both personal and scientific perspectives.

Watch the full interview on YouTube here.

I hope you enjoy watching and listening.

Related Links:

3. Mick Fanning’s Breathwork is the Key to His Success

Fanning’s performance coach, Nam Baldwin says breathwork is the foundation of mental and physical performance.

- Mick Fanning’s scoliosis led him to breath work. Now, it’s key to his success

Aside from diabetes, one reason I became interested in breathing was surfing. So, when I saw this headline, I couldn’t wait to read it.

And it was better than expected. It was impossible to pick just one quote to share, so here’s another gem from Mick himself:

You can change your moods, your thought patterns, just by concentrating on breath… and the better you breathe the better you perform.

Enjoy the great read!

4. Maybe All Top Performers Focus on Their Breath?

And it’s not just Mick Fanning. In The Mindful Athlete, we learn that many top-performing teams and athletes use breathing as a critical component of their practice. They might not use “breathwork,” but they certainly make focusing on their breath a daily routine, especially before games:

If they're mindful athletes, most of them are actually bringing their attention not to the game ahead, but to the present moment: fully concentrating on their breathing and, in doing so, centering themselves in that calm place where they are able to be in touch with the space between stimulus and response.

- George Mumford, The Mindful Athlete

We’re all athletes in the game of life. (Having a chronic disease like diabetes makes each day like the Super Bowl.) We might not have personal trainers, nutritionists, or millions of dollars. But we all have the breath. And we all have access to the same control and awareness that these top performers do.

Let’s use it wisely.

 
 

 
 

1 Quote


What do Mahatma Gandhi, the martial artist Bruce Lee, Buddhist meditators, Christian Monks, Hawaiian kahunas, and Russian Special Forces have in common? They all used breathing to enhance their physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

- Richard P. Brown & Patricia L. Gerbarg,
The Healing Power of the Breath

 
 

 
 

1 Answer

Answer: The cardiovascular system shows resonance at approximately this frequency.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is 0.1 Hz?


In good breath,

Nick Heath, T1D, PhD
Diabetes is Tiny. You are Mighty.

P.S. …and the money will come

 
 
 

Sign Up For The Breathing 411

Each Monday, I curate and synthesize information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing. It’s a fun way to learn something new each week.

 
 

A Buffet of 13 Interesting Breathing Articles

 
 
 

I’ve been out of town, with less time than normal to work on the newsletter. So, I decided to share a buffet of interesting breathing articles this week.

I hope there are a few you enjoy!

 
 

 
 

4 Thoughts

1. Study Shows How Slow Breathing Induces Tranquility

Breathe slowly and smoothly. A pervasive sense of calm descends. Now breathe rapidly and frenetically. Tension mounts. Why? It’s a question that has never been answered by science, until now.

- Stanford Medicine News Center

We all know that slow breathing calms us, and fast breathing stimulates us. But in this great article, we learn that there are specific neurons “spying” on our breathing, “reporting their finding to another structure in the brainstem.

Enjoy the interesting read!

Thanks to new 411 reader A.L. for inspiring this thought!

Related: Feeling anxious? The way you breathe could be adding to it

Related: What Focusing on the Breath Does to Your Brain

2. This Ridiculously Simple Breathing Technique Is Scientifically Proven to Improve Mental Focus

I can't promise that it will make everything go smoothly, or take all your jitters away. But I can guarantee that you'll feel more focused and calm than you did before.

- Inc. Magazine

Perfectly said. If you need a quick way to increase focus, it might be as simple as making “your exhalations longer than your inhalations.

Enjoy the super quick read.

And, if you want to dive deeper down the rabbit hole, here are a few more:

Related: Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises and Your Vagus Nerve

Related: Longer Exhalations Are an Easy Way to Hack Your Vagus Nerve

Related: Slower Breathing Facilitates Eudaimonia via Your Vagus Nerve

Related: This 2-Minute Breathing Exercise Can Help You Make Better Decisions, According to a New Study

3. The Importance of Breathing, from the American Institute of Stress

Please do yourself and favor and check out this issue of Contentment from the American Institute of Stress. They dedicated the entire thing to breathing.

Here’s what’s included:

  • The Health Benefits of Nose Breathing

  • Healing Power Of The Breath

  • The Setup Breath: Exhaling Deeply First

  • Re-Association: Fusing Awareness and Sound with Deep Breathing Practices

  • Take A Deep Breath

  • Yogic Breathing: Ancient and Modern

  • One-Minute Relaxation Exercise for Busy People

The first two were my favorites. You’re sure to find one or two you enjoy too.

P.S. I found this through an excellent Medium blog post.

4. Significant Brain Changes Found in Children Who Regularly Snore

Children who regularly snore have structural changes in their brain that may account for the behavioral problems associated with the condition including lack of focus, hyperactivity, and learning difficulties at school.

- Significant Brain Changes Found in Children Who Regularly Snore

This was a somewhat troubling read on how sleep-disordered breathing might explain hyperactivity and aggression in children.

With complex issues like these, it’s likely not as simple as “one thing.” But, this is an important read, especially if you have or work with children.

Thanks to great friend E.S. for sharing this with me.

Related: The influence of snoring, mouth breathing and apnoea on facial morphology in late childhood: a three-dimensional study. Thanks to HHPF for sharing this one.

Related Quote:If respiration truly acts as a fundamental organizer of oscillatory brain activity, then surely its modulation could be utilized to modulate brain activity to promote sleep.” - Frontiers in Psychiatry (2019)

 
 

 
 

1 Quote

In a single breath, more molecules of air will pass through your nose than all the grains of sand on all the world’s beaches—trillions and trillions of them.

- James Nestor, Breath

 
 

 
 

1 Answer

Answer: In the early 1770s, this gas was independently discovered in England and Sweden.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is oxygen?


In good breath,

Nick Heath, T1D, PhD
Diabetes is Tiny. You are Mighty.

P.S. Enough for the next 11 days

 
 
 

Sign Up For The Breathing 411

Each Monday, I curate and synthesize information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing. It’s a fun way to learn something new each week.

 
 

Breathing Through Negative Feedback Loops, and the WHM in 2.5 Minutes

 
 

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Welcome back to another issue of The Breathing 411.

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for the week. Enjoy!

 
 

 
 

4 Thoughts

1. The Epiphenomena of Breathing

However, a lightbulb also produces heat. Heat is not the function of the lightbulb, nor is it the reason we originally fashioned it […] It is an unintended by-product of the operation, not the true function. Heat is an epiphenomenon in this case.

- Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep

Depending on you and your perspective, breathing can have many epiphenomena. For example, you might do a breathing practice to relax. But, as a by-product, it will also improve autonomic and cardiovascular function.

Perhaps your breathing practice is for better sleep. In this case, you’ll still experience the epiphenomena of better insulin sensitivity and better focus.

In fact, optimal breathing has so many “epi-benefits,” it’s hard to keep track. Luckily, you don’t have to. You simply pick one or two reasons that make sense for you, and let the rest happen on its own, like heat from a lightbulb.

Related Quote:Replace the habit of taking short shallow breaths into the top of the lungs with the practice of taking a full deep breath. Nearly all of the benefits begin with this one simple change.” - Al Lee, Don Campbell, Perfect Breathing

2. The Negative Feedback of Stress in Diabetes, and What We Can Do About It

  • Diabetes is a chronic stressor. [1]

  • Chronic stress worsens blood sugar control. [2]

  • It also reduces HRV, increasing susceptibility to more stress. [3]

  • This then can increase anxiety. [4]

  • Leading to more stress and worse blood sugar control. [2]

  • Which then leads to the subjective feeling of more stress. [1]

It’s a merciless cycle.

Encouragingly, however: “Emerging evidence strongly suggests…that interventions that help individuals prevent or cope with stress can have an important positive effect on quality of life and glycemic control.

You probably know where this is going : )

Slow breathing immediately helps:

  • It reduces chronic stress by increasing vagal tone. [5]

  • It improves both short- and long-term HRV. [6]

  • It reduces anxiety. [7]

  • It improves blood sugar control. [8]

The negative feedback loop of stress and diabetes won’t just go away. But slow breathing gives you an effective intervention you can use to help offset its harmful effects and prevent it from getting out of control forever.

Related Quote: “Slow breathing could be a simple beneficial intervention in diabetes.” - Nature Scientific Reports

3. How The Wim Hof Method Works, In 2.5 Minutes

So what happens when you breathe this way is you stress your body out. […] You control your stress to a specific amount of time so that, for the rest of the day, you can chill out. So that is probably why Wim Hof’s method works so well.

- James Nestor

Tomorrow is Wim Hof’s birthday. In that spirit, here’s a quick 2.5 minute clip of James Nestor explaining how the WHM works.

Enjoy!

Related: 20 One-Sentence Thoughts on the Wim Hof Method

Related Quote:I’m not afraid of death, I’m afraid not to have lived fully.” - Wim Hof

4. We Are All Living Nasal Breathers

All living things on our planet undergo a unescapable and predictable daily change in their environment: Day becomes night. […] To cope with this predictable daily change in light and dark, almost every living organism has developed an internal timing system, or circadian clock.

- Satchin Panda, PhD, The Circadian Code

In The Circadian Code, we learn that, try as we might, we cannot override our circadian rhythm. Evolution programmed it into us. Trying to fight it with more coffee (talking to myself here) will only hurt us in the long run. We’re much better off aligning with it to achieve our best health outcomes.

This reminded me of a seemingly unrelated, yet similar concept: we’re all nasal breathers.  We can optimize our diets, exercise, and so on, but if we don’t breathe how evolution designed us to—through our nose—we’ll never reach our full health potential.

Related: Chronic sinus inflammation appears to alter brain activity

Related Quote:Around 1500 BCE, the Ebers Papyrus, one of the oldest medical texts ever discovered, offered a description of how nostrils were supposed to feed air to the heart and lungs, not the mouth.” - James Nestor, Breath

 
 

 
 

1 Quote

The power of the breath has been used not just to heal, but to attain extraordinary feats that appear to defy laws of physiology. […] With mastery of his breath and his meditative practices, Hof is redefining what is considered physiologically possible for a human.

- Michael J Stephen, MD, Breath Taking

 
 

 
 

1 Answer

Answer: Although known as the Ice Man, Wim Hof has also completed a full marathon without water in this desert.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is the Namib Desert?

P.S. Here’s short clip of him walking. He’s mainly nose-breathing, probably to conserve water : )


In good breath,

Nick Heath, T1D, PhD
Diabetes is Tiny. You are Mighty.

P.S. Do drugs and stay out of school

 
 
 

Sign Up For The Breathing 411

Each Monday, I curate and synthesize information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing. It’s a fun way to learn something new each week.

 
 

Oxidative Stress and Civilized vs. Wild Breathing

 
 

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"You cannot breathe your way out of a Big Mac."

But apparently, slow breathing might help it taste better (see #3 below).

Ok, let’s get to it. Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for the week. Enjoy!

 
 

 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Is There Really “Dysfunctional” Breathing?

"Breathing is one of the body’s critical functions.  When its fundamental processes break down, the body will compensate, calling on structures such as the core muscles to help maintain respiration."

– Patrick McKeown, The Breathing Cure (pg. 152)

Breathing is the body’s most critical function. So as Patrick tells us, even if we do it incorrectly, the body will compensate by activating whatever muscles are needed to keep it going. Breathing takes precedence over everything.

So, we might say that breathing will always remain "functional" in that it will always do its main task of keeping us alive. But, it might be severely inefficient.

Thus, "dysfunctional" breathing is really just inefficient breathing.

This gives us two options. We can develop optimal breathing, which uses the nose and activates the diaphragm. Or, we can ignore our breathing and let the body compensate on its own, usually in ways that are detrimental to our health.

I say we choose option 1.

2. Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, and Slow Breathing

High blood sugars generate free radicals. These excess free radicals deplete antioxidants and ultimately cause oxidative stress. This negative feedback loop has been described as the "single unifying mechanism for diabetic complications."

To combat this, people with diabetes would ideally find a way to both reduce free radical production and increase antioxidant defenses. Slow breathing provides a natural and effective method of doing just this.

For example, slow diaphragmatic breathing reduces post-meal oxidative stress. It also reduces oxidative stress associated with intense, long-duration exercise. The hallmark paper on slow breathing & diabetes published in Nature even said:

"…our results lead to the hypothesis that slow breathing may exert some antioxidant effect, possibly via parasympathetic stimulation."

Taken together, slow breathing appears to be a simple and effective way to help with oxidative stress in diabetes. Quite amazing.

3. Apparently Slow Breathing Makes Food Taste Better

"Smooth, relatively slow breathing maximises delivery of the particles to the nose. Food smells and tastes better if you take your time."

- Vice, Apparently Slow Breathing
Makes Food Taste Better

This was a fun read from Vice. At first, I thought it seemed a bit silly. But the study was originally published in PNAS, so maybe there’s something to it?

If we pair this advice with Ch. 7 of Breath, we might say that to enjoy a meal, breathe slowly and chew more. I’m constantly working on the chew more part…

Enjoy!

4. Take the Nose, Take the Life

"Ancient Egyptian cultures also recognized the importance of the breath, the evidence of which we see today in the many ancient statues that had their noses broken off but otherwise were left untouched. This defacement was no accident, but a deliberate act by conquering groups to take the life, in this case the breath of life, away from these icons."

- Michael J. Stephen, MD, Breath Taking

This is on the first page of the book. Although Dr. Stephen never mentions the power of the nose again, it’s a rather remarkable statement that emphasizes just how important the breath (and nose) were to ancient cultures.

Related: The Warren Buffets of Nose Breathing (Thought #2 )

 
 

 
 

1 QUOTE

"Civilized man may properly be said to be an open mouthed animal; a wild man is not."

- George Catlin, The Breath of Life (1864)

 
 

 
 

1 ANSWER

(This one blows my mind…)

Answer: The inner surface of this organ has as many hair follicles as your head.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is your nose?


In good breath,
Nick

P.S. He was the dog.

 
 

Smiling and the Warren Buffets of Breathing

 

Greetings,

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer to consider this week. Enjoy!

 
 

 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Breathing is the Only True Compounding Health Benefit

"Growth is driven by compounding, which always takes time."

- Morgan Housel, The Psychology of Money

Many investors are better than Warren Buffet. But did you know he bought his first stock when he was 11 years old? It’s not as exciting to talk about, but a large portion of his success is simply due to how long he’s been investing.

This is because compounding always takes time. And, just as importantly, it always takes consistency. If Buffet jumped in and out of stocks or randomly took time off, he might not have achieved his success. It took time and consistency.

These factors are also why breathing is the only real compounding health benefit. Most of us won’t stick to one health routine as long as Buffet has stuck with investing. It’s natural to try new workouts, start a new diet, and on and on.

But we’ll always be breathing. If we invest in simple changes like nose breathing 24/7, the benefits will compound (literally) for the rest of our life. Time becomes our friend. Since we will always be breathing, we will always be compounding.

2. Nasal Breathing, Smiling, and The Power of Compounding

"All these methods trained children to breathe through their noses, all day, every day. It was a habit they would carry with them the rest of their lives."

- James Nestor, Breath

In Breath, James Nestor describes tribal people with perfectly straight teeth, free of chronic illnesses, and who rarely got sick. Their secret? Nasal breathing.

This was not just any nasal breathing, though. It was a lifetime of nasal breathing. Nestor tells us that mothers would stand over their sleeping babies and close their mouths if needed. They even resisted smiling (!?!) with their mouths open.

This was compounding at its best. Nose breathing was in their genes, and it was passed down from generation to generation for millennia. The result, as Nestor recounts, was seemingly "superhuman physical characteristics" and perfect health. These tribal people were the Warren Buffets of nose breathing.

3. Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises and Your Vagus Nerve

"When it comes to effective vagal maneuvers, any type of deep, slow diaphragmatic breathing…is going to stimulate your vagus nerve, activate your parasympathetic nervous system, and improve your HRV."

- Psychology Today
Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises and Your Vagus Nerve

I basically highlighted this entire article : ) But what I appreciated most was the author sharing how he uses diaphragmatic breathing in a practical and straightforward way.

Enjoy stimulating your vagus nerve more today!

4. Become A Breathing Genius

"A genius is the man who can do the average thing when everyone else around him is losing his mind." – Napoleon

If you want to be a breathing genius, breathe averagely—nasal, slow, low—in stressful situations. Or David Bidler says, we don’t need more complicated breathing techniques; we need to apply simple ones to harder challenges. 

Give it a shot today when you inevitably find yourself in a stressful situation.

 
 

 
 

1 QUOTE

"Those of us who practice breathing exercises today may well pass on more disease resistant genes to our descendants tomorrow."

- Michael J. Stephen MD, Breath Taking

 
 

 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: This fish can breathe through its gills in water and through its skin and mouth lining on land.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is a mudskipper?


 
 

More Breathing in Less Time

 

Greetings,

This week’s 411 is brought to you by espresso, curiosity, my appreciation for your readership, and espresso. Enjoy!

 
 

 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Use Breathing Instead of Thinking

"Social psychologists now know that the truth lies in the opposite direction. People need to change their actions and their minds will follow." – Sean D Young, Stick With It

Experts tell us it’s hard to think our way out of thinking. We need to act and let the mind follow. I believe this is what makes breathing so powerful. It gives you an action you can perform anytime to trick your mind into following.

If you’re anxious, you can breathe slowly, which will calm your nervous system and lead to calmer thoughts. If you’re tired, you can breathe rapidly and stimulate your nervous system, increasing your heart rate and alertness.

There are many ways to use actions to control your emotions and thoughts. But breathing is free and easy. Stop thinking, begin breathing.

2. Post-Meal Breathing for Better Blood Sugars & Digestion

Relaxing breathing methods have been shown to reduce blood sugar spikes associated with meals and glucose tolerance tests. In Breath (pg 43), James Nestor also tells us that right nostril breathing heats up the body and aids in digestion. Together, it seems like a post-meal breathing practice might be a good idea.

I have been testing this in a simple and practical way. Specifically, I’ve been spending ~3 to 5 minutes performing either alternate nostril or diaphragmatic breathing (or their combination) after lunch.

The results have been quite noticeable. My sugars are much better (and even get low sometimes) in the hour following the meal. And these short minutes are especially helpful midday to focus my mind and get me back to work quickly.

Science + Practicality = Better Living

Even if you don’t have diabetes, adding this tiny habit after eating might help with digestion and improve energy levels. Not bad for just a few minutes.

3. More Breathing in Less Time

Brian Johnson is my favorite teacher. Long-time readers are probably sick of me talking about him : ) His motto: More wisdom in less time. In that spirit, here are a few excellent summaries Brian has made of some of the best breathing books:

Enjoy!

Thanks to new 411 reader W.G. for inspiring this thought.

4. The Best Advice You Can Give Someone Interested in Breathing

"Start now. Optimize later. Imperfect starts can always be improved." - James Clear

The Oxygen Advantage, Wim Hof, The Art of Breath, Buteyko, Breatheology, SKY, ujjayi, and on and on. They are all phenomenal for different reasons.

But the most important thing is to choose one and start—experience for yourself how simple and powerful these practices are. You can optimize later.

 
 

 
 

1 QUOTE

In my own experience, a deep breath is always a good first reaction to a first report. Try to let the potato cool a bit before you pick it up.

— General Colin Powell, It Worked For Me

 
 

 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: This "nasal nerve" is the first one emerging from the brain.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is the olfactory nerve?


In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Preach

 
 

Patch Your Breath, and Wim Hof’s Slow Breathing Method?

 

Happy Monday, and welcome back to another issue of The Breathing 411. Here are four thoughts, one quote, and one answer for you to reflect on this week.

 
 

 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Instead of a Bigger Engine, Patch the Hole in Your Boat

If you have a hole in your boat, a bigger engine or better fuel might keep you afloat longer. A more aerodynamic design might help you temporarily go faster. But either way, you’ll still be slowly sinking until you patch the hole.

Your breathing is that hole. You can eat better, workout harder, and take more supplements, which will all be very helpful. But until you "patch" your breath, you’ll never see the true potential of your energy and performance.

2. Diaphragmatic Breathing from the Cleveland Clinic

"But keep at it, because with continued practice, diaphragmatic breathing will become easy and automatic."

- Diaphragmatic Breathing, Cleveland Clinic

Last week, we discussed how diaphragmatic breathing improves recovery. Here’s a brief article from The Cleveland Clinic (regarded as one of the best hospitals and research centers worldwide) on how to get started.

Enjoy!

3. Become a Breathing Flâneur

"The flâneur continuously—and, what is crucial, rationally—modifies his target as he acquires information."

- Nassim Taleb, Antifragile

I propose we become breathing flâneurs. Let’s not be rigid with our techniques, but rather be open to change as we get new information.

Importantly, let’s rationally modify our approach based on the best information we have and the circumstances we find ourselves in.

The best way to do this is to have many options to choose from (slow breathing, Oxygen Advantage, Wim Hof, and so on) and use them as needed.

4. Wim Hof’s Slow Breathing Method - A Thought on Statistics

Here’s a fun thought about the infamous Kox et al. (2013) study on the Wim Hof Method (WHM). This paper scientifically validated that the WHM can allow people to control their autonomic nervous system and innate immune system.

There is a plot (their Figure 2) showing about 10.8 minutes of data. In that time, participants did 3 rounds of hyperventilation, and 3 breath holds. Each hyperventilation session was ~30 breaths. So, over the 10.8 minutes, they took about 90 breaths. On average, that’s ~8.3 breaths/min.

Thus, from a statistical perspective, the Wim Hof Method is slow breathing.

Now consider how much different it is to "breathe at 8 breaths/min for 11 minutes" compared to "performing three rounds of the WHM." This is why we must always put statistics into context…

But it’s also just fun to ponder : )

 
 

 
 

1 QUOTE

"Facts are stubborn things, but statistics are more pliable."

- Mark Twain

 
 

 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: About 50% of the oxygen you breathe originated from this location.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What is the ocean?


In good breath,
Nick

P.S. A fun thought exercise.

 
 

I'm Rucking 100 Miles + Diaphragmatic Breathing Improves HbA1c

 
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Announcement:
I’m Rucking 100 Miles for Chronic Disease

On Leap Day, February 29th, I’m going to ruck 100 miles to raise money for the Health and Human Performance Foundation (HHPF).

If you’ve been following me for a little while, you know I’m a huge fan of their mission. They are an amazing nonprofit raising awareness around the benefits of breathing for chronic disease, stress, and anxiety.

Given the impacts breathing has had on my life, I wanted support their cause. What better way than a ridiculously long walk?

I am wearing a weighted rucksack to symbolize the extra weight we carry around as those living with chronic disease. Yet, despite that weight, we can still accomplish anything. In fact, that weight makes us stronger. I wholeheartedly believe diabetes has made stronger.

We are setting up a donations page on HHPF, which I’ll be sending out separately. If you feel so inspired, donate to help support their great mission. And please support me by telling others, sharing our posts on Instagram, and spreading the word about HHPF.

Thank you in advance for your support!

Now, on to the science.

 

 

Last week, we learned that diaphragmatic breathing improved HRV and lowered HbA1c. This week’s research reveals that it also improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetics.

Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention for Control of Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

(Read the Full Summary)

This is one of the early papers I posted to The Breathing Diabetic. I often go back through important papers to reinforce the ideas and see if I notice new things I missed before.

This one did not disappoint. Just re-reading all of my notes on this one energized me (image below). I’m fascinated with breathing, but sometimes I need a paper like this to remind me how important it is to get this research out.

The Breathing Protocol

One hundred and twenty three type-2 diabetics participated in this study. Sixty were placed in the diaphragmatic breathing group, and 63 served as controls.

The participants were instructed to lie down, place one hand on their chest, one hand on their belly, and breathe deeply and slowly, only allowing the hand on their belly to move.

This protocol is almost identical to the Oxygen Advantage “Breathe Light Advanced” exercise.

They were asked to perform this procedure for 15-20 minutes, twice a day, for 3 months.

Breathing Improves Oxidative Stress and HbA1c

At the end of the 3 months, participants in the breathing group had significantly lowered their oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant levels.

Additionally, they decreased their HbA1c by 3%. Now, this isn’t 3% as in dropping from 9% down to 6% (like last week’s study). This was 3% of their original value. Not quite as significant, but still encouraging. And, remember the study from last week didn’t see major improvements in HbA1c until the 12 month follow-up.

In short, diaphragmatic breathing led to:

  • Decreased oxidative stress

  • Better blood sugars

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Here’s the first page of my notes on this article. I was clearly excited the first time I read it too.

 
Hegde_Notes_Image_Good.png

One year of slow breathing increases HRV and reduces HbA1c

 
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It’s rare to find a long-duration breathing study. Typically, they examine effects lasting only minutes to hours. Then, it’s up to us to extrapolate the long-term benefits. This paper was different.

Effect Of Diaphragmatic Breathing On Heart Rate Variability In Ischemic Heart Disease With Diabetes

(Read Full Summary)

They asked participants to perform 10-15 minutes of slow deep breathing, twice a day, for one year. The researchers followed up with them at the 3 and 12 month marks.

(Side Note: This is basically what I have been doing for the past 2 years. I perform 15 minutes of slow breathing in the morning and ~5-10 in the evening before bed.)

The results were amazing.

  • Heart rate variability (HRV) increased significantly at the 3 and 12 month marks.

  • HbA1c dropped slightly at 3 months, and then significantly at 12 months.

The drop in HbA1c (3-month average blood sugar) was impressive, with one group experiencing a 2% decrease: They dropped from an average of 8.95% down to 6.95%. That’s like going from an average blood sugar of around 200 mg/dL down to 150 mg/dL. Even if you don’t have diabetes, you can appreciate the significance of these findings.

Participants who did not comply with the breathing protocol experienced a worsening of their HRV and HbA1c over time.

Of course, we need to take these results with a grain of salt. Over the course of the 1-year study, participants could have made other changes (diet, exercise, and so on) that would also influence the findings.

Nonetheless, this study is encouraging and corroborates the “N=1” experiment I have been performing on myself over the past few years.

The results also remind us that persistence is key. If they had stopped the study at 3 months, the improvements in HbA1c would not have been significant. It wasn’t until the 12 month follow-up that major improvements in blood sugars were observed.

Check out the full review to learn more.

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Gonna need a bigger backpack.

Breathe profoundly to reduce stress and anxiety

Profound-It-means-DEEP-2.jpg

Hi all,

Last week we learned some devastating statistics. (Do you remember that 1 in 3 adolescents meets the criteria for anxiety?)

The study I’m sharing this week shows you how to breathe (hint: deeply) to reduce anxiety.

The effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for reducing anxiety
(Click here to read on website)

First, a quick rant. “Deep” breathing is not “big” breathing. Often, when someone says “take a deep breath,” we automatically take a big breath.

But, a deep breath simply brings air into the lower lungs (“right before the bottom”) where the largest concentration of blood is due to gravity. It doesn’t have to be (and usually shouldn’t be) big. Maybe we should call in “Profound Breathing”?

OK, rant complete.

In this study, patients with mild-to-moderate anxiety were given instructions on diaphragmatic breathing. They were told to take 10 diaphragmatic breaths, twice daily, which doesn’t sound like too much to ask. They performed this over an 8 week period.

The results showed that diaphragmatic breathing significantly reduced anxiety when assessed on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scale. Their average scores dropped from ~19 down to ~5 (lower is better).

The participants also improved physiological indicators of stress, including reducing their heart rate, breathing rate, and skin conductance.

Like I said last week, this isn’t woo-woo pseudoscience. Correct breathing changes your physiology to reduce stress and anxiety.

And the best part is that you can use deep breathing anytime you (or your clients or friends) feel stressed. And you can know that you are changing your physiology to promote relaxation.

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Did you check out HHPF last week?